Operant Conditioning Paper Essay Example for Free

Operant Conditioning Paper Essay The theory of operant conditioning was thought of by B.F. Skinner. Skinner came up with this theory based on the work of Thorndike (1905). The theory of operant conditioning states that organisms learn to act or behave in a way which obtains or gets a reward yet avoids a punishment. It is an instrumental type of conditioning. Type R conditioning is also known as operant conditioning. Type R conditioning is shown by the response rate. Type S conditioning is determined by the amount of the conditioned response. Skinners R conditioning is similar to Thorndike’s instrumental conditioning, and Skinners S conditioning is very similar to Pavlov’s classical conditioning (Olson Hergenhahn, 2009). The focus in operant conditioning is on a behavior and the consequences surrounding that behavior. The organism must behave in a way to cause stimulus reinforcement. This is also known as contingent or dependent reinforcement because getting the reinforcement or reward is based on a particular behavior or performance by the organism. An example of this would be, if a dog wants a treat, he must do a new trick hew has been taught. Positive reinforcements are those which cause a behavior to be repeated. An example would be a child crying at night (when they should be sleeping) and knowing that when he or she cries someone will come. This may be a positive reinforcement for the young child or baby because the child is being comforted and getting attention like he or she wants whenever they cry. The positive reinforcement is the person coming. On the other hand it could be negative for the person getting awakened. They do not want to have to get up in the middle of the night. They may eventually just let the child self soothe. Then eventually the person, if he or she decided not to respond to the child would not come anymore. This would be a negative reinforcement for the child because they are not getting a reward or what he or she thought of as a reward any longer. If the child did learn to stop crying in middle of the night, then the person getting up would have the positive reinforcement of silence instead of noise in the middle of the night. I think the form of reinforcement that is most effective is the dependent or contingent reinforcement. I reward my children with doing things they like if they do well in their school since they are homeschooled. If they know ahead of time that they will get special stuff, be able to go somewhere, or do something they like, they are more likely to try harder on their school work and act better. I will try operant conditioning with our dogs. Training a dog with the reward system is a good way to start or stop a certain behavior. The dog will perform the behavior habitually for a long time, and if it ever has to have reinforcement, it is only once in a while. I will try this with my dogs when taking them outside every day for the next two weeks at least three times a day. I will let them go off leash, because we have a non-fenced in yard, and I am trying to get them to stay within their bounds without leaving our property area. I have decided that if I take treats outside with me for the three out of the five times a day they are taken out, and offer it to them when I call them as they start to go out of their area, while at the same time telling them no and calling their name, they will learn where their boundaries or parameter is in our yard. I will do it gradually less and less so the reinforcement, which is the treats, eventually does not have to be used. The behavior will just become natural to the dogs, and eventually they will know where they can and cannot go. References Olson, M.H. Hergenhahn, B.R. (2009). An introduction to theories of learning (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall

Classical Greek Architecture Essay -- Greece Greek Essays

Classical Greek Architecture The reuse of older art works in contemporary times is not an uncommon occurrence, and many examples can be seen throughout the day as one goes from place to place. Even when one is browsing through the World Wide Web can many uses of older art and architecture be seen, as with the example shown. This image was found on the internet at the American Express homepage (http://www.americanexpress.com/student/), which functions as a resource for college students to find access to many commercial advertisements about discounts and products relevant for students. This homepage caters mostly to students, as non-students would not apply to the majority of the goods or services available. The picture itself is not exemplary of any one classical Greek building, but contains many elements of classical Greek architecture and design. The columns are what stand out the most in the architecture of this picture. The original Greek columns came in three different styles, or orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. All Greek columns consist of both a shaft and a capital, and sometimes there is a base as well. The shaft is made from round drums stacked one on top of the other. The main difference among the orders comes from the differences in the capitals. The Doric capitals are usually very simple and look like the weight of the roof is flattening them out. The Ionic capitals are a little fancier with a large volute, which looks like rams horns rolling off of the shaft. The Corinthian capital is much more complex with smaller volutes and many stylized acanthus leaves and rosettes, accompanied by a boss on the top of each side. All three types of columns rest on the floor of the b uilding, which is often a temple. The fl... ... draw a connection between the ability of a large Greek temple to draw people to it and the large amount of people that can view this one graphic on the web page. The relationship is direct; one temple in ancient Greece is visited by many, and one web graphic is accessed by many. The temple in ancient Greek times gave its message symbolically an directly to a large group of people via sculpture and statues. This one web graphic relies on associations of ancient symbols to convey its message to a large group of people. Therefore we can say that although the function of the temple and graphic are different, the properties are the same: they are both meant to be looked upon by a large amount of people. Thus the connection between ancient art and modern use is evident when one looks at everyday life, and even the latest in technology still uses the creations of the past.

Toulmin Argument

Abby Boyce English 1201 Professor McGehee 10/22/2012 Cover Sheet a) Who is your audience? My audience applies to everyone in the US. My audience is very broad because my topic touches base on an issue that can or could potentially affect anyone directly or indirectly as well. b) How would you like your readers to describe the personality you present on the page? My personality is confident. I believe in my argument and feel strongly about it. c) What question does your paper answer? It answers the question as to whether or not there is an issue with police brutality. ) What’s your thesis/claim? Something needs to be done immediately to end the violence and inappropriate discipline being inflicted on our citizens. The harsh discipline we are discovering is being used more and more often should not be tolerated. Abby Boyce English 1201 Professor McGehee 10/22/2012 Toulmin Questionnaire Claim Questions: What’s my claim? Something needs to be done immediately to end the vio lence and inappropriate discipline being inflicted on our citizens. The harsh discipline we are discovering is being used more and more often should not be tolerated.Is it valid? What makes it valid? -Yes. It’s valid because I have lots of evidence and quotes from sources to back me up as well as strong warrants and backing to help support me as well. I truly believe in my claim and will defend it fully. Is it practical? Can it actually be acted out? Yes, and yes. It touches base on a topic that is growing and becoming a big problem in society. Using â€Å"sociological terms† it is becoming a macro problem. It’s no longer a micro one. Are there qualifications I must make to my claim?I’m not necessarily sure this question pertains well to my topic specifically, but I don’t feel there are any qualifications I must obtain to be able to state and back up my claim other than the fact that you must have some good evidence and knowledge on the topic. What will be some possible challenges to my claim? Some may oppose by saying the media is making police brutality into a bigger issue than it really is, or that the violence police use is justified as â€Å"self-defense†. Who could benefit most from accepting my claim? Who may be harmed or benefit the least?All citizens can benefit. The people that may not agree or like my claim is the police departments who hired police officers who have been offenders of police brutality. Grounds questions: What are my grounds? – According to the St. Paul yearly analysis, in 2010 crime rates for homicides alone have shot up 9% since 2001. – â€Å"In 1982, the federal government funded a â€Å"Police Services Study† in which over 12,000 randomly selected citizens were interviewed in three metropolitan areas. Do I have sufficient evidence to support my claim? Yes.I used pieces of quotes from the StarTribune as well as statistics from a trusted website. Do I have pieces of ev idence that are compelling? Least compelling? Some of my quotes are more coercive than others. The statistics I used are stronger than the quotes I used from the StarTribune because the quotes seem more like an opinion rather than a solid fact. Warrant questions: What are my Warrants? – â€Å"To believe there is an issue with the criminal justice system, you must recognize the problem as well as believe that cops are not trained to nflict physical abuse on citizens, they are trained to help the community and to only get physical when demonstrating self-defense. † – â€Å"Of course believing that cops can be racially discriminating, means that you must believe racism is still a common problem in today’s society. † What other warrants may underlie the ones I have identified? There were a few different warrants I could have made for my grounds. For example, the first I could have said that in order to believe that police are role models you must belie ve that in most situations cops do or have benefited the community in some way shape or form.Am I prepared to stand behind my warrant, regardless of the opposing views? Yes. I truly believe in where I stand on this issue and I believe I have a strong argument. Backing Questions: What is my backing? – Cops must complete a two year degree before they can be a certified officer. – It’s still a big problem because people are not bringing enough attention to it for it to be recognized. Does my backing apply in all cases? Why or why not? Yes. My backing is aimed to back-up my warrants to the best of my ability. Abby Boyce English 1201Professor McGehee 10/22/2012 Formal Outline I. â€Å"In the middle of broad daylight, August 28th, 2012, laid a man helpless and defenseless after being kicked, beat, and sprayed repeatedly with a chemical irritant. † a. Refer to StarTribune article and discuss background/situation that happened b. Claim: Something needs to be done immediately to end the violence and inappropriate discipline being inflicted on our citizens. The harsh discipline we are discovering is being used more and more often should not be tolerated. II.Cops, especially street cops, are supposed to be the role-models of the community and are hired to benefit the community, not harm it. a. Grounds: Give statistics from St. Paul homicide ratings b. Grounds: Define police brutality c. Grounds: Use quote from the StarTribune III. Warrant: To believe there is an issue with the criminal justice system, you must recognize the problem as well as believe that cops are not trained to inflict physical abuse on citizens, they are trained to help the community and to only get physical when demonstrating self-defense. a.Backing: Cops must complete a two year degree before they can be a certified officer. The reason for this is so that they can learn the ethics that must be used while on duty as well as many other classes that teach the duties that must be performed and how to go about them. IV. Claim: We are discovering that most brutality is directed against minority groups or otherwise powerless populations. a. The importance of understanding racism in the context of police brutality needs to be brought to attention and is extremely out of line. b. Grounds: Quote CliffNotes. com V.Warrant: Of course believing that cops can be racially discriminating, means that you must believe racism is still a common problem in today’s society. a. Backing: It’s still a big problem because people are not bringing enough attention to it for it to be recognized. b. Grounds: Use example that relates to my experience c. Grounds: Use CliffNotes quote VI. Qualifier: With all that said, there is only one exception to my argument which is, if a citizen threatens to use a lethal weapon on an officer or if a citizen gets physically violent against an officer, then physically restraining that person is reasonable and just.In officer trainin g schools they are taught to use self-defense when necessary. a. Once put into physical restraints or if the citizen has calmed down or promised to cooperate, the self-defense should end immediately. b. Officers can and should always remain on high alert though. VII. If we want our officers to be treated with respect, and our 911 systems to be effective to end crime, then police brutality should not be tolerated and should end immediately in order to keep citizens safe and ensured that our criminal justice system is working to benefit the community in a positive way. Abby BoyceEnglish 1201 Professor McGehee 10/22/2012 Police Brutality Awareness In the middle of broad daylight, August 28th, 2012, laid a man helpless and defenseless after being kicked, beat, and sprayed repeatedly with a chemical irritant. We later come to find out that man is named Eric Hightower, and according to the article â€Å"Police Brutality in the Age of YouTube† in the StarTribune, he has had previous run-ins with the law, but on August 28th his offense that caused the policeman (St. Paul officer Jesse Zilge) to violently kick and beat this man, while he lie on a St. Paul sidewalk, is unknown.Shortly after the incident a video was posted on YouTube, which provided solid evidence that this cop was completely out of line. But it’s not the first time there have been issues with the morality and brutality of our local and nationwide officers. Something needs to be done immediately to end the violence and inappropriate discipline being inflicted on our citizens. The harsh discipline we are discovering is being used more and more often should not be tolerated. Cops, especially street cops, are supposed to be the role-models of the community and are hired to benefit the community, not harm it.According to the St. Paul yearly analysis, in 2010 crime rates for homicides alone have shot up 9% since 2001. Many of those crimes may have been easily prevented if cops had been doing the ir job correctly and using appropriate punishment only when needed. Many citizens have become scared to call 911 and involve the police because they don’t trust the actions they will take. In reality, the police should be making you feel at ease and knowing you can call them for help should be something people should feel comfortable doing.Police brutality is defined as the intentional use of excessive force by a police officer. It takes many forms, including physical abuse, verbal attacks, and psychological intimidation. In the most recent years, we are seeing more and more cops being put on trial for their violent conduct. The story of Eric Hightower is just one of the many recently reported and investigated stories of victimized citizens being put in physical harm by cops. It’s beginning to make many of us wonder how many times there have been incidents like this in the past that have never been reported.It was brought to my attention more closely than ever when it was as stated in the StartTribune, â€Å"If an officer can kick someone in front of witnesses and a camera, how often do those types of attacks happen at night when cameras aren’t rolling? † Of course, to believe there is an issue with the criminal justice system, you must recognize the problem as well as believe that cops are not trained to inflict physical abuse on citizens, they are trained to help the community and to only get physical when demonstrating self-defense.Even when using self-defense should it ever be okay to kick someone, along with â€Å"slam someone's head onto the car hood† (according to the StarTribune in the Hightower story)? The answer is no. If cops are supposed to be preventing physical abuse and fighting why on earth would it ever be okay for them to use it. Cops must complete a two year degree before they can be a certified officer. The reason for this is so that they can learn the ethics that must be used while on duty as well as many other classes that teach the duties that must be performed and how to go about them.Knowing that, I have a very hard time believing there is any circumstance an officer could say that they were unaware their behavior was out of line. We are discovering that most brutality is directed against minority groups or otherwise powerless populations. Officers who engage in brutality rationalize their use of inappropriate force by claiming they are punishing those groups that threaten to disrupt the social order. The importance of understanding racism in the context of police brutality needs to be brought to attention and is extremely out of line.Many police automatically regard racial minority group members as potentially dangerous regardless of their particular activities, gestures, or attire. This perception of racial minority citizens as â€Å"trouble† sometimes translates into racially discriminatory police behavior. According to CliffNotes. com, â€Å"In 1982, the federal gove rnment funded a â€Å"Police Services Study† in which over 12,000 randomly selected citizens were interviewed in three metropolitan areas. The study found that 13 percent of those surveyed had been victims of police brutality the previous year.Yet only 30 percent of those who acknowledged such brutality filed formal complaints. † I would be willing to bet that over 50% of those citizens, who endured the police brutality, are minorities or racially different from the cop that inflicted the abuse upon them. Of course believing that cops can be racially discriminating, means that you must believe racism is still a common problem in today’s society. Which in fact, it most definitely is. It’s still a big problem because people are not bringing enough attention to it for it to be recognized.For example, before reading the article in the StarTribune and prior to taking a Criminal Justice class that focused on the racially discriminating cops, I had no idea this w as even an issue. It needs to be brought in the public eye so that people can start voluntarily coming forward and so the problem can be solved nationwide. I believe we this is a realistic request and hope for our future, because recently Departments in some cities, for example, have adopted special training programs to reduce incidents of police brutality.Other departments have formulated rules that limit the use of force by the police. Preventive control also requires supervising officers (for example, conducting surveillance of officers' work) and disciplining those who violate departmental standards. A few amount of cities aroung the US are developing early warning systems to identify officers with high rates of citizen complaints. These incidents should be investigated, and if verified, the officers involved should be charged, disciplined, restrained, and/or counseled.According to CliffNotes. com, â€Å"Pittsburgh, for example, launched a $1. 5 million computer system. It moni tors every aspect of an officer's professional life—from the number of citizen complaints filed against the officer to the race of every person the officer arrests. † With all that said, there is only one exception to my argument which is, if a citizen threatens to use a lethal weapon on an officer or if a citizen gets physically violent against an officer, then physically restraining that person is reasonable and just.In officer training schools they are taught to use self-defense when necessary. Many officers though, are abusing that privilege. Once put into physical restraints or if the citizen has calmed down or promised to cooperate, the self-defense should end immediately. This does not mean that the officer should not be on high alert, but physically, he or she should not be getting physical with the citizen. If we want our officers to be treated with respect, and our 911 systems to be effective to end crime, then police brutality should not be tolerated and shou ld end mmediately in order to keep citizens safe and ensured that our criminal justice system is working to benefit the community in a positive way. Abby Boyce English 1201 Professor McGehee 10/22/2012Citations CliffsNotes. com. Police Brutality. 21 Oct 2012 ;lt;http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/topicArticleId-10065,articleId-9975. html;gt;. Editorial Board, . â€Å"Police brutality in the age of YouTube. † StartTribune. 09 2012: 1. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. ;lt;http://www. startribune. com/opinion/editorials/168689626. html? refer=y;gt;.

Social Web - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2596 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Topics: Information Essay Did you like this example? The Social Web Takisha Williams INF103 Computer Literacy Jaclyn Minor September 13, 2010 Who would have thought 50 years ago that a person could socialize with complete strangers across the world with just the click of a button? The web is full of useful and important scholarly information, but it’s not just about business and education. Along with posting pictures, videos, and blogs, the web is available for a plethora of other options. It’s full of fun sites for people of all ages and with different interests. One way to enjoy the web is to visit a social networking site. Sites such as Facebook, Zorpia, Friendster, and Bebo allow you to personalize a profile, join groups, share thoughts and pictures, and add different applications. Online communities are created by people connected together to share common interests, goals, and purposes. With technology advancing at such a steady rate, the future possibilities of the social web are endless. Although thes e sites are full of interesting things to do, there are also some downfalls to having an account online, such as privacy issues. I will be discussing a few popular sites and ways to safely enjoy them. One of today’s most popular social websites is Facebook. In February 2004, college student Mark Zukenburg created Facebook for his fellow Harvard colleagues. It was later expanded to serve other colleges, and it has grown dramatically ever since. Today there are about 500 million active Facebook accounts from people of all ages, countries, and interests. Pretty much anyone is able to join Facebook. The site is designed for people to communicate and share just about in any way. Facebook users create a profile which typically includes a photo and any personal information you would like to add. A lot of the activity on Facebook is surrounded by requesting the friendship of organizations and other users. You send a â€Å"friend request† to someone, and once they accept it, you two become friends. Facebook’s page layout is simple to navigate and easy to use. Everything is located right on your page, including tabs to go to photos, applications, groups, and your friend list. I first learned about Facebook while attending college on a campus. I have had it for a few years now. I like to send messages to my friends and family to stay in touch. I have posted several different photos on my account also. My friends are able to view them and make comments if they like. Of all the things to do on Facebook, I think the most popular is writing on your friend’s â€Å"wall. † This is just a space available to add comments, pictures, bumper stickers, etc. You can also update your status, to let people know what’s going on in your life, or say whatever’s on your mind. Applications can also be added to your page. They can be useful or just for fun. Some include Flickr, Email Me Instead, Fishbowls, and Graffiti, but there are numerous ones to choose from. Facebook is a great place for someone who has started a new business and wants to get their product out there. Meeting new people, who could have a potential interest in your product, could do great things for your business. Last but not least, it is always fun to just explore Facebook. Meeting new friends, finding old ones, and building a business network are just a few of the advantages of having a profile. Facebook is very popular but there have been some privacy issues here lately. Some are a little disturbing so take eed when deciding to make a profile. FACTS ABOUT FACEBOOK YOU PROBABLY DON’T KNOW ABOUT * that 100 million users log on to Facebook at least once each day * FACEBOOK is only a low security web service. This means that you should never use the same password for your FACEBOOK account as you use for more important services (e. g. webmails or netbanking) * that FACEBOOK does not guarantee that User Content you post on the Site will not be viewed by unauthorized persons† * that psychologists have introduced the diagnosis FAD (Facebook Addiction Disorder) as a new kind of addiction disorder Tweet Tweet As the years go by, more new and exciting sites are being created. Twitter is one of today’s newer sites, but it is as popular as any other. Twitter is a real-time information network powered by people all around the world that lets you share and discover what’s happening now. Some people would consider Twitter to be a micro-blog. You are able to update your status using minimal characters. There you can say what’s going on in your life at the moment without actually having to write an entire paper, which people may not want to hear about anyway. The cool thing about Twitter is that you can have followers. These are people who are constantly updated on your status. This is a great way for a company to rally its employees or just friends trying to put a party together. You are able to use your cell phone to send â€Å"tweets† when you are on the go, so this is an added plus. Twitter is not as big as Facebook, but it is getting more popular each day. Even presidential candidates have been known to tweet. It is everywhere and you can follow anyone, even your favorite star. Be aware that some people may not be who they say they are, there have been some instances where actors/actresses have been impersonated. Another fun thing to do on the web is to join a bookmarking site. These are sites that allow its users to post their favorite websites in one place to share with others. Viewers can then add these bookmarks to their page, for even more people to use. A popular bookmarking site is Del. icio. us. This site is very popular among the blogging world, due to its easy access to tons of interesting sites. Delicious allows its users to tag any bookmark and place it in as many folders as you like. You can assign each bookmark with as many keywords as you lik e. You can also attach a note to each bookmark as a reminder of why you chose the site. Bookmarks are searchable and you can be viewed by tags. You can also put tags together and it will pull up every bookmark associated with it. Delicious bookmarks are easily accessed through any browser, meaning you can see them at anytime, anywhere. This is a great site because you are able to get useful information and great insight. Another fun thing to do on the web is blog. This basically consists of writing down personal thoughts on a particular subject or just about anything you want. It’s a place to go to rant or give your two cents about what’s happening in the world. Most blog sites are free to join and can also give you opportunities to make a little cash in the process. Some companies will pay you to advertise their product on your page. Online advertising offers you three main ways to earn cash. Pay-per-click pays out every time someone clicks on an ad. Pay-per-imp ression pays out whenever the ad is on your page, and pay-per-action advertisements pay out when someone clicks on the ad and/or buys something (Gunelius, 2010). Some of today’s most visited blog sites include HuffingtonPost, TMZ, PerezHilton, and engadget. Photo sharing on the web is a great way to take advantage of the web. SmugMug is a photo sharing site that is primarily for professional photographers, but is also available for those amateurs out there just having a little fun. This site does require a fee to join, the minimum amount is $40/year, but offers a 14 day free trial to check it out. If you are an aspiring photographer this is a great way to get your work out there for the world to see. For those of us who don’t have the extra money or dedication, there are sites like Flickr. It was created in 2002 originally as a video-game screenshot website, but it has turned into one of the web’s most active sites. You have the option to start a free acco unt which offers you limited uploads and features, or pay $25/year to receive unlimited uploads, features, and sets. They now offer video sharing on their website, which gives you one more way to socialize and network. For those who are handy with a camera or likes to waste time capturing life’s moments on film, there are video sharing sites. Without a doubt the most popular is YouTube. Here you can start a totally free account and post videos of just about anything. In 2009, YouTube reached the ultimate record of having 1 billion views in one day. That’s at least 11,574 views per second, 694,444 views per minute, and 41,666,667 views per hour. You can go to YouTube to learn just about anything. Type in any random activity and chances are they have a video. A lot of artists have been discovered and received record deals by posting their talents for everyone to see. It’s fun, free, and could potentially be the pathway to living a lifelong dream. Newest artist discovered on YouTube include RB singer Dondria and Journey’s new lead singer Arnel Pineda. This is a great site because everyone has a chance for their fifteen minutes of fame. As if that isn’t enough to do on the web you can even make your own social website. Ning offers you the chance to build your own website and customize it just the way you like. It’s the number one place for organizers, activists, or any Joe Smoe to start a social website. It has several different themes available to choose from and you can make it private or viewable by the entire web. You can add features, customization tools, and Ning applications to make it your own. You also have the option to make a little income by adding advertisements, donations, and storefronts to your website. Online dating has become very popular over the last few years. Tons of people are now turning to the web to find that special someone. There are countless sites to choose from, but the most popular would be Match. com. Match. com was launch in April 1995; it is now servicing 24 countries and has websites in 18 different languages. They offer several free writing sections to express yourself and you’re able to upload a maximum of 26 photos and include preferences. You never have to worry about obscene photos because they have a customer care team that inspects every photo before it is allowed on the site. Members can see these photos and read about potential matches in their area. Communication occurs in an anonymous email network, and all of your personal information is kept private until you make the decision to share it with someone else. Of course with any new development, there are advantages and disadvantages; here I have compiled a list of each. ADVANTAGES| DISADVANTAGES| You are able to meet people with characteristics of your liking. | People may post incorrect or fraudulent information (misleading photos, age, etc. )| You can meet people from the comfort of your home. Someone’s personality may be different in person than on the internet. | Anonymity makes it easy to communicate with strangers. | You may come across scammers looking to steal from you or potentially hurt you. | You can meet as many people as possible over a short period of time. | May fall for someone too far away to have an actual relationship. | It is always a good idea to know the proper netiquette while enjoying each of these sites. This is basically treating a person the way that you expect to be treated in the real world and online. Following a few simple rules can minimize any misunderstandings and enhance your online experience. Here is a list of common courtesies to use while enjoying the web. 1. Use Computer Courtesy 2. Use Emoticons 3. DON’T SHOUT (All Caps) 4. Be Brief Online 5. Pay Attention to Language Issues 6. Think Before Posting 7. Keep Personal Issues Private 8. Obey Copyright Laws 9. Help Internet Newbies 10. Be Aware of Cyber Bullyin g Today emoticons are used in the place of writing what you are feeling. This can minimize any confusion on the web while chatting or messaging. Some can be created by using different symbols on your keyboard or you can download cartoon emoticons for free on various websites for a more colorful approach. Emoticons| Meaning| -r | Sticking tongue out| =^D | Big grin | :-d~ | Heavy smoker | :-||| Very angry| =:-)| Punk| ~:-(| Flame message| d 😠® | Hat’s off to you! | B:-) | Sunglasses on head| I have discussed a number of social websites that can be enjoyed by anyone, if one is not for you then you have plenty to choose from. I must say though that the web is not always a fun place to be. There is the issue of privacy and security on these sites. The thing is, it is hard to be active and have 100% privacy. To join many of these sites, they ask for personal information. This could lead to identity theft and fraud in some cases. You have to be safe when posting pictures a nd videos because criminals could use these to commit crimes against you without your knowing. To protect you from identity theft, try to make a password that could be difficult to break and try not to use birthdays, email addresses, or names because those could be easily guessed or found. Stalking and bullying have also become popular on social websites. If it isn’t bad enough that you have to sometimes worry about these things in the real world, they can also become a threat to you or your child online. Simply blocking an annoying â€Å"friend† can put an end to this. If threats are made to you, print out the actual page for evidence if you plan to press charges against this person. These fears are well known by the makers of these sites and they are working around the clock to find better ways to protect your privacy and have added security while using their sites. In April, Sen. Charles Schumer and two other senators called on Facebook to change its privacy poli cy. They also urged the Federal Trade Commission to set guidelines for social networking sites. In May, a group of 15 online-privacy groups filed a formal complaint with the FTC accusing Facebook of â€Å"unfair and deceptive trade practices† (Lyons, 2010). Facebook gives you options in your Privacy Settings to block applications, control who can see what on your page, and what information is showed on your profile. There are many other options to set your profile just the way you like it to better protect you. The simplest rule is to not post or say anything personal that you don’t want the world to find out about. REFERENCES https://www. match. com/cp. aspx? cpp=/cppp/corp/aboutus. tmlER=sessiontimeout https://www. squidoo. com/Meet-People https://www. facebook. com/group. php? gid=5585067263 https://www. flickr. com/search/? q=blue+bird#page=3 https://twitter. com/about https://www. pamorama. net/2010/03/03/35-great-social-media-infographics/ https://www. compet e. com/maintenance. html https://allaboutyoutube. blogspot. com/ https://www. ning. com/ https://www. facebook. com/press/info. php? factsheet https://weblogs. about. com/od/monetizingablog/p/BlogAdvertising. htm Lyons, D. (2010, June 7). The high price of Facebook. NewsBank, 155(23). Retrieved from NewsBank database. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Social Web" essay for you Create order